Swine Flu

Swine influenza (also called swine flu, hog flu and pig flu) refers to influenza caused by those strains of influenza virus, called swine influenza virus (SIV), that usually infect (is endemic in) pigs.[2] As of 2009 these strains are all found in Influenza C virus and the subtypes of Influenza A virus known as H1N1, H1N2, H3N1, H3N2, and H2N3. Swine influenza is common in pigs in the midwestern United States (and occasionally in other states), Mexico, Canada, South America, Europe (including the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Italy), Kenya, Mainland China, Taiwan, Japan and other parts of eastern Asia.[2]
Transmission of swine influenza virus from pigs to humans is not common and does not always cause human influenza, often only resulting in the production of antibodies in the blood. The meat of the animal poses no risk of transmitting the virus when properly cooked. If transmission does cause human influenza, it is called zoonotic swine flu. People who work with pigs, especially people with intense exposures, are at increased risk of catching swine flu. In the mid-20th century, identification of influenza subtypes became possible, this allows accurate diagnosis of transmission to humans. Since then, fifty confirmed transmissions have been recorded, Rarely, these strains of swine flu can pass from human to human. In humans, the symptoms of swine flu are similar to those of influenza and of influenza-like illness in general, namely chills, fever, sore throat, muscle pains, severe headache, coughing, weakness and general discomfort.
The 2009 flu outbreak in humans, known as "swine flu", is due to a new strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1 that contains genes closely related to swine influenza.[3] The origin of this new strain is unknown. However, the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) reports that this strain has not been isolated in pigs.[4] This strain can be transmitted from human to human,[5] and causes the normal symptoms of influenza.[6]
Pigs can become infected with human influenza, and this appears to have happened during the 1918 flu pandemic and the 2009 flu outbreak.
Transmission
Transmission between pigs
Influenza is quite common in pigs, with about half of breeding pigs having been exposed to the virus in the US.[49] Antibodies to the virus are also common in pigs in other countries.[49]
The main route of transmission is through direct contact between infected and uninfected animals.[15] These close contacts are particularly common during animal transport. Intensive farming may also increase the risk of transmission, as the pigs are raised in very close proximity to each other.[50][51] The direct transfer of the virus probably occurs either by pigs touching noses, or through dried mucus. Airborne transmission through the aerosols produced by pigs coughing or sneezing are also an important means of infection.[15] The virus usually spreads quickly through a herd, infecting all the pigs within just a few days.[2] Transmission may also occur through wild animals, such as wild boar, which can spread the disease between farms.[52]
Transmission to humans
People who work with poultry and swine, especially people with intense exposures, are at increased risk of zoonotic infection with influenza virus endemic in these animals, and constitute a population of human hosts in which zoonosis and reassortment can co-occur.[53] Vaccination of these workers against influenza and surveillance for new influenza strains among this population may therefore be an important public health measure.[54] Transmission of influenza from swine to humans who work with swine was documented in a small surveillance study performed in 2004 at the University of Iowa.[55] This study among others forms the basis of a recommendation that people whose jobs involve handling poultry and swine be the focus of increased public health surveillance.[53] Other professions at particular risk of infection are veterinarians and meat processing workers, although the risk of infection for both of these groups is lower than that of farm workers.[56]
Interaction with avian H5N1 in pigs
Pigs are unusual as they can be infected with influenza strains that usually infect three different species: pigs, birds and humans.[57] This makes pigs a host where influenza viruses might exchange genes, producing new and dangerous strains.[57] Avian influenza virus H3N2 is endemic in pigs in China and has been detected in pigs in Vietnam, increasing fears of the emergence of new variant strains.[58] H3N2 evolved from H2N2 by antigenic shift.[59] In August 2004, researchers in China found H5N1 in pigs.[60]
Main symptoms of swine flu in swines.[2]
These H5N1 infections may be quite common: in a survey of 10 apparently healthy pigs housed near poultry farms in West Java, where avian flu had broken out, five of the pig samples contained the H5N1 virus. The Indonesian government has since found similar results in the same region. Additional tests of 150 pigs outside the area were negative.[61][62]
Signs and symptoms
In swine
In pigs influenza infection produces fever, lethargy, sneezing, coughing, difficulty breathing and decreased appetite.[15] In some cases the infection can cause abortion. Although mortality is usually low (around 1-4%),[2] the virus can produce weight loss and poor growth, causing economic loss to farmers.[15] Infected pigs can lose up to 12 pounds of body weight over a 3 to 4 week period.[15]

In humans
Main symptoms of swine flu in humans[63]
Direct transmission of a swine flu virus from pigs to humans is occasionally possible (called zoonotic swine flu). In all, 50 cases are known to have occurred since the first report in medical literature in 1958, which have resulted in a total of six deaths.[64] Of these six people, one was pregnant, one had leukemia, one had Hodgkin disease and two were known to be previously healthy.[64] Despite these apparently low numbers of infections, the true rate of infection may be higher, since most cases only cause a very mild disease, and will probably never be reported or diagnosed.[64]
In this video, Dr. Joe Bresee, with CDC's Influenza Division, describes the symptoms of swine flu and warning signs to look for that indicate the need for urgent medical attention.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in humans the symptoms of the 2009 "swine flu" H1N1 virus are similar to those of influenza and of influenza-like illness in general. Symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, chills and fatigue. The 2009 outbreak has shown an increased percentage of patients reporting diarrhea and vomiting.[65] The 2009 H1N1 virus is not zoonotic swine flu, as it is not transmitted from pigs to humans, but from person to person.
Because these symptoms are not specific to swine flu, a differential diagnosis of probable swine flu requires not only symptoms but also a high likelihood of swine flu due to the person's recent history. For example, during the 2009 swine flu outbreak in the United States, CDC advised physicians to "consider swine influenza infection in the differential diagnosis of patients with acute febrile respiratory illness who have either been in contact with persons with confirmed swine flu, or who were in one of the five U.S. states that have reported swine flu cases or in Mexico during the 7 days preceding their illness onset."[66] A diagnosis of confirmed swine flu requires laboratory testing of a respiratory sample (a simple nose and throat swab).[66]
Prevention
Prevention of swine influenza has three components: prevention in swine, prevention of transmission to humans, and prevention of its spread among humans.
Prevention in swine
Methods of preventing the spread of influenza among swine include facility management, herd management, and vaccination. Because much of the illness and death associated with swine flu involves secondary infection by other pathogens, control strategies that rely on vaccination may be insufficient.
Control of swine influenza by vaccination has become more difficult in recent decades, as the evolution of the virus has resulted in inconsistent responses to traditional vaccines. Standard commercial swine flu vaccines are effective in controlling the infection when the virus strains match enough to have significant cross-protection, and custom (autogenous) vaccines made from the specific viruses isolated are created and used in the more difficult cases.[67][68] Present vaccination strategies for SIV control and prevention in swine farms typically include the use of one of several bivalent SIV vaccines commercially available in the United States. Of the 97 recent H3N2 isolates examined, only 41 isolates had strong serologic cross-reactions with antiserum to three commercial SIV vaccines. Since the protective ability of influenza vaccines depends primarily on the closeness of the match between the vaccine virus and the epidemic virus, the presence of nonreactive H3N2 SIV variants suggests that current commercial vaccines might not effectively protect pigs from infection with a majority of H3N2 viruses.[69][70] The United States Department of Agriculture researchers say that while pig vaccination keeps pigs from getting sick, it does not block infection or shedding of the virus.[71]
Facility management includes using disinfectants and ambient temperature to control virus in the environment. The virus is unlikely to survive outside living cells for more than two weeks, except in cold (but above freezing) conditions, and it is readily inactivated by disinfectants.[2] Herd management includes not adding pigs carrying influenza to herds that have not been exposed to the virus. The virus survives in healthy carrier pigs for up to 3 months and can be recovered from them between outbreaks. Carrier pigs are usually responsible for the introduction of SIV into previously uninfected herds and countries, so new animals should be quarantined.[49] After an outbreak, as immunity in exposed pigs wanes, new outbreaks of the same strain can occur.[2]

Prevention in humans
Prevention of pig to human transmission
Swine can be infected by both avian and human influenza strains of influenza, and therefore are hosts where the antigenic shifts can occur that create new influenza strains.
The transmission from swine to human is believed to occur mainly in swine farms where farmers are in close contact with live pigs. Although strains of swine influenza are usually not able to infect humans this may occasionally happen, so farmers and veterinarians are encouraged to use a face mask when dealing with infected animals. The use of vaccines on swine to prevent their infection is a major method of limiting swine to human transmission. Risk factors that may contribute to swine-to-human transmission include smoking and not wearing gloves when working with sick animals.[72]
Prevention of human to human transmission
Influenza spreads between humans through coughing or sneezing and people touching something with the virus on it and then touching their own nose or mouth.[73] Swine flu cannot be spread by pork products, since the virus is not transmitted through food.[73] The swine flu in humans is most contagious during the first five days of the illness although some people, most commonly children, can remain contagious for up to ten days. Diagnosis can be made by sending a specimen, collected during the first five days for analysis.[74]
Recommendations to prevent spread of the virus among humans include using standard infection control against influenza. This includes frequent washing of hands with soap and water or with alcohol-based hand sanitizers, especially after being out in public.[75] Chance of transmission is also reduced by disinfecting household surfaces, which can be done effectively with a diluted chlorine bleach solution.[76] Although the current trivalent influenza vaccine is unlikely to provide protection against the new 2009 H1N1 strain,[77] vaccines against the new strain are being developed and could be ready as early as June 2009.[78]
Experts agree that hand-washing can help prevent viral infections, including ordinary influenza and the swine flu virus. Influenza can spread in coughs or sneezes, but an increasing body of evidence shows small droplets containing the virus can linger on tabletops, telephones and other surfaces and be transferred via the fingers to the mouth, nose or eyes. Alcohol-based gel or foam hand sanitizers work well to destroy viruses and bacteria. Anyone with flu-like symptoms such as a sudden fever, cough or muscle aches should stay away from work or public transportation and should contact a doctor to be tested.
Social distancing is another tactic. It means staying away from other people who might be infected and can include avoiding large gatherings, spreading out a little at work, or perhaps staying home and lying low if an infection is spreading in a community. Public health and other responsible authorities have action plans which may request or require social distancing actions depending on the severity of the outbreak.
Treatment
In swine
As swine influenza is rarely fatal to pigs, little treatment beyond rest and supportive care is required.[49] Instead veterinary efforts are focused on preventing the spread of the virus throughout the farm, or to other farms.[15] Vaccination and animal management techniques are most important in these efforts. Antibiotics are also used to treat this disease, which although they have no effect against the influenza virus, do help prevent bacterial pneumonia and other secondary infections in influenza-weakened herds.[49]
In humans
If a person becomes sick with swine flu, antiviral drugs can make the illness milder and make the patient feel better faster. They may also prevent serious flu complications. For treatment, antiviral drugs work best if started soon after getting sick (within 2 days of symptoms). Beside antivirals, palliative care, at home or in hospital, focuses on controlling fevers and maintaining fluid balance. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends the use of Tamiflu (oseltamivir) or Relenza (zanamivir) for the treatment and/or prevention of infection with swine influenza viruses, however, the majority of people infected with the virus make a full recovery without requiring medical attention or antiviral drugs.[79] The virus isolates in the 2009 outbreak have been found resistant to amantadine and rimantadine.[80]
In the U.S., on April 27, 2009, the FDA issued Emergency Use Authorizations to make available Relenza and Tamiflu antiviral drugs to treat the swine influenza virus in cases for which they are currently unapproved. The agency issued these EUAs to allow treatment of patients younger than the current approval allows and to allow the widespread distribution of the drugs, including by non-licensed volunteers.[81]



Swine Flu
What is Swine Influenza?
Swine Influenza (swine flu) is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza virus that regularly causes outbreaks of influenza in pigs. Swine flu viruses cause high levels of illness and low death rates in pigs. Swine influenza viruses may circulate among swine throughout the year, but most outbreaks occur during the late fall and winter months similar to outbreaks in humans. The classical swine flu virus (an influenza type A H1N1 virus) was first isolated from a pig in 1930.
How many swine flu viruses are there?
Like all influenza viruses, swine flu viruses change constantly. Pigs can be infected by avian influenza and human influenza viruses as well as swine influenza viruses. When influenza viruses from different species infect pigs, the viruses can reassort (i.e. swap genes) and new viruses that are a mix of swine, human and/or avian influenza viruses can emerge. Over the years, different variations of swine flu viruses have emerged. At this time, there are four main influenza type A virus subtypes that have been isolated in pigs: H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, and H3N1. However, most of the recently isolated influenza viruses from pigs have been H1N1 viruses.
Swine Flu in Humans
Can humans catch swine flu?
Swine flu viruses do not normally infect humans. However, sporadic human infections with swine flu have occurred. Most commonly, these cases occur in persons with direct exposure to pigs (e.g. children near pigs at a fair or workers in the swine industry). In addition, there have been documented cases of one person spreading swine flu to others. For example, an outbreak of apparent swine flu infection in pigs in Wisconsin in 1988 resulted in multiple human infections, and, although no community outbreak resulted, there was antibody evidence of virus transmission from the patient to health care workers who had close contact with the patient.
How common is swine flu infection in humans?
In the past, CDC received reports of approximately one human swine influenza virus infection every one to two years in the U.S., but from December 2005 through February 2009, 12 cases of human infection with swine influenza have been reported.
What are the symptoms of swine flu in humans?
The symptoms of swine flu in people are expected to be similar to the symptoms of regular human seasonal influenza and include fever, lethargy, lack of appetite and coughing. Some people with swine flu also have reported runny nose, sore throat, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
Can people catch swine flu from eating pork?
No. Swine influenza viruses are not transmitted by food. You can not get swine influenza from eating pork or pork products. Eating properly handled and cooked pork and pork products is safe. Cooking pork to an internal temperature of 160°F kills the swine flu virus as it does other bacteria and viruses.
How does swine flu spread?
Influenza viruses can be directly transmitted from pigs to people and from people to pigs. Human infection with flu viruses from pigs are most likely to occur when people are in close proximity to infected pigs, such as in pig barns and livestock exhibits housing pigs at fairs. Human-to-human transmission of swine flu can also occur. This is thought to occur in the same way as seasonal flu occurs in people, which is mainly person-to-person transmission through coughing or sneezing of people infected with the influenza virus. People may become infected by touching something with flu viruses on it and then touching their mouth or nose.
What do we know about human-to-human spread of swine flu?
In September 1988, a previously healthy 32-year-old pregnant woman was hospitalized for pneumonia and died 8 days later. A swine H1N1 flu virus was detected. Four days before getting sick, the patient visited a county fair swine exhibition where there was widespread influenza-like illness among the swine.
In follow-up studies, 76% of swine exhibitors tested had antibody evidence of swine flu infection but no serious illnesses were detected among this group. Additional studies suggest that one to three health care personnel who had contact with the patient developed mild influenza-like illnesses with antibody evidence of swine flu infection.
How can human infections with swine influenza be diagnosed?
To diagnose swine influenza A infection, a respiratory specimen would generally need to be collected within the first 4 to 5 days of illness (when an infected person is most likely to be shedding virus). However, some persons, especially children, may shed virus for 7 days or longer. Identification as a swine flu influenza A virus requires sending the specimen to CDC for laboratory testing.
What medications are available to treat swine flu infections in humans?
There are four different antiviral drugs that are licensed for use in the US for the treatment of influenza: amantadine, rimantadine, oseltamivir and zanamivir. While most swine influenza viruses have been susceptible to all four drugs, the most recent H1N1 influenza viruses isolated from humans are resistant to amantadine and rimantadine.
What other examples of swine flu outbreaks are there?
Probably the most well known is an outbreak of swine flu among soldiers in Fort Dix, New Jersey in 1976. The virus caused disease with x-ray evidence of pneumonia in at least 4 soldiers and 1 death; all of these patients had previously been healthy. The virus was transmitted to close contacts in a basic training environment, with limited transmission outside the basic training group. The virus is thought to have circulated for a month and disappeared. The source of the virus, the exact time of its introduction into Fort Dix, and factors limiting its spread and duration are unknown. The Fort Dix outbreak may have been caused by introduction of an animal virus into a stressed human population in close contact in crowded facilities during the winter. The swine influenza A virus collected from a Fort Dix soldier was named A/New Jersey/76 (Hsw1N1).

Swine Flu in Pigs
How does swine flu spread among pigs?
Swine flu viruses are thought to be spread mostly through close contact among pigs and possibly from contaminated objects moving between infected and uninfected pigs. Herds with continuous swine flu infections and herds that are vaccinated against swine flu may have sporadic disease, or may show only mild or no symptoms of infection.
What are signs of swine flu in pigs?
Signs of swine flu in pigs can include sudden onset of fever, depression, coughing (barking), discharge from the nose or eyes, sneezing, breathing difficulties, eye redness or inflammation, and going off feed.
How common is swine flu among pigs?
H1N1 and H3N2 swine flu viruses are endemic among pig populations in the United States and something that the industry deals with routinely. Outbreaks among pigs normally occur in colder weather months (late fall and winter) and sometimes with the introduction of new pigs into susceptible herds. Studies have shown that the swine flu H1N1 is common throughout pig populations worldwide, with 25 percent of animals showing antibody evidence of infection. In the U.S. studies have shown that 30 percent of the pig population has antibody evidence of having had H1N1 infection. More specifically, 51 percent of pigs in the north-central U.S. have been shown to have antibody evidence of infection with swine H1N1. Human infections with swine flu H1N1 viruses are rare. There is currently no way to differentiate antibody produced in response to flu vaccination in pigs from antibody made in response to pig infections with swine H1N1 influenza.
While H1N1 swine viruses have been known to circulate among pig populations since at least 1930, H3N2 influenza viruses did not begin circulating among US pigs until 1998. The H3N2 viruses initially were introduced into the pig population from humans. The current swine flu H3N2 viruses are closely related to human H3N2 viruses.
Is there a vaccine for swine flu?
Vaccines are available to be given to pigs to prevent swine influenza. There is no vaccine to protect humans from swine flu. The seasonal influenza vaccine will likely help provide partial protection against swine H3N2, but not swine H1N1 viruses.



What is H1N1 (swine flu)?
H1N1 (referred to as “swine flu” early on) is a new influenza virus causing illness in people. This new virus was first detected in people in the United States in April 2009. Other countries, including Mexico and Canada, have reported people sick with this new virus. This virus is spreading from person-to-person, probably in much the same way that regular seasonal influenza viruses spread.
Why is this new H1N1 virus sometimes called “swine flu”?
This virus was originally referred to as “swine flu” because laboratory testing showed that many of the genes in this new virus were very similar to influenza viruses that normally occur in pigs in North America. But further study has shown that this new virus is very different from what normally circulates in North American pigs. It has two genes from flu viruses that normally circulate in pigs in Europe and Asia and avian genes and human genes. Scientists call this a "quadruple reassortant" virus.

Novel H1N1 Flu in Humans

Are there human infections with this H1N1 virus in the U.S.?
Yes. Cases of human infection with this H1N1 influenza virus were first confirmed in the U.S. in Southern California and near Guadalupe County, Texas. The outbreak intensified rapidly from that time and more and more states have been reporting cases of illness from this virus. An updated case count of confirmed novel H1N1 flu infections in the United States is kept at http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/investigation.htm. CDC and local and state health agencies are working together to investigate this situation.
Is this new H1N1 virus contagious?
CDC has determined that this new H1N1 virus is contagious and is spreading from human to human. However, at this time, it is not known how easily the virus spreads between people.
What are the signs and symptoms of this virus in people?
The symptoms of this new H1N1 flu virus in people are similar to the symptoms of seasonal flu and include fever, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, body aches, headache, chills and fatigue. A significant number of people who have been infected with this virus also have reported diarrhea and vomiting. Also, like seasonal flu, severe illnesses and death has occurred as a result of illness associated with this virus.
How severe is illness associated with this new H1N1 virus?
It’s not known at this time how severe this virus will be in the general population. CDC is studying the medical histories of people who have been infected with this virus to determine whether some people may be at greater risk from infection, serious illness or hospitalization from the virus. In seasonal flu, there are certain people that are at higher risk of serious flu-related complications. This includes people 65 years and older, children younger than five years old, pregnant women, and people of any age with chronic medical conditions. It’s unknown at this time whether certain groups of people are at greater risk of serious flu-related complications from infection with this new virus. CDC also is conducting laboratory studies to see if certain people might have natural immunity to this virus, depending on their age.
How does this new H1N1 virus spread?
Spread of this H1N1 virus is thought to be happening in the same way that seasonal flu spreads. Flu viruses are spread mainly from person to person through coughing or sneezing by people with influenza. Sometimes people may become infected by touching something with flu viruses on it and then touching their mouth or nose.
How long can an infected person spread this virus to others?
At the current time, CDC believes that this virus has the same properties in terms of spread as seasonal flu viruses. With seasonal flu, studies have shown that people may be contagious from one day before they develop symptoms to up to 7 days after they get sick. Children, especially younger children, might potentially be contagious for longer periods. CDC is studying the virus and its capabilities to try to learn more and will provide more information as it becomes available.
Exposures Not Thought to Spread New H1N1 Flu

Can I get infected with this new H1N1 virus from eating or preparing pork?
No. H1N1 viruses are not spread by food. You cannot get this new HIN1 virus from eating pork or pork products. Eating properly handled and cooked pork products is safe.
Is there a risk from drinking water?
Tap water that has been treated by conventional disinfection processes does not likely pose a risk for transmission of influenza viruses. Current drinking water treatment regulations provide a high degree of protection from viruses. No research has been completed on the susceptibility of the novel H1N1 flu virus to conventional drinking water treatment processes. However, recent studies have demonstrated that free chlorine levels typically used in drinking water treatment are adequate to inactivate highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza. It is likely that other influenza viruses such as novel H1N1 would also be similarly inactivated by chlorination. To date, there have been no documented human cases of influenza caused by exposure to influenza-contaminated drinking water.
Can the new H1N1 flu virus be spread through water in swimming pools, spas, water parks, interactive fountains, and other treated recreational water venues?
Influenza viruses infect the human upper respiratory tract. There has never been a documented case of influenza virus infection associated with water exposure. Recreational water that has been treated at CDC recommended disinfectant levels does not likely pose a risk for transmission of influenza viruses. No research has been completed on the susceptibility of the H1N1 influenza virus to chlorine and other disinfectants used in swimming pools, spas, water parks, interactive fountains, and other treated recreational venues. However, recent studies have demonstrated that free chlorine levels recommended by CDC (1–3 parts per million [ppm or mg/L] for pools and 2–5 ppm for spas) are adequate to disinfect avian influenza A (H5N1) virus. It is likely that other influenza viruses such as novel H1N1 virus would also be similarly disinfected by chlorine.
Can H1N1 influenza virus be spread at recreational water venues outside of the water?
Yes, recreational water venues are no different than any other group setting. The spread of this novel H1N1 flu is thought to be happening in the same way that seasonal flu spreads. Flu viruses are spread mainly from person to person through coughing or sneezing of people with influenza. Sometimes people may become infected by touching something with flu viruses on it and then touching their mouth or nose.

Prevention & Treatment

What can I do to protect myself from getting sick?
There is no vaccine available right now to protect against this new H1N1 virus. There are everyday actions that can help prevent the spread of germs that cause respiratory illnesses like influenza.
Take these everyday steps to protect your health:
• Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. Throw the tissue in the trash after you use it.
• Wash your hands often with soap and water, especially after you cough or sneeze. Alcohol-based hand cleaners are also effective.
• Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth. Germs spread this way.
• Try to avoid close contact with sick people.
• Stay home if you are sick for 7 days after your symptoms begin or until you have been symptom-free for 24 hours, whichever is longer. This is to keep from infecting others and spreading the virus further.
Other important actions that you can take are:
• Follow public health advice regarding school closures, avoiding crowds and other social distancing measures.
• Be prepared in case you get sick and need to stay home for a week or so; a supply of over-the-counter medicines, alcohol-based hand rubs, tissues and other related items might could be useful and help avoid the need to make trips out in public while you are sick and contagious.
What is the best way to keep from spreading the virus through coughing or sneezing?
If you are sick, limit your contact with other people as much as possible. If you are sick, stay home for 7 days after your symptoms begin or until you have been symptom-free for 24 hours, whichever is longer. Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing. Put your used tissue in the waste basket. Then, clean your hands, and do so every time you cough or sneeze.

What is the best technique for washing my hands to avoid getting the flu?
Washing your hands often will help protect you from germs. Wash with soap and water or clean with alcohol-based hand cleaner. CDC recommends that when you wash your hands -- with soap and warm water -- that you wash for 15 to 20 seconds. When soap and water are not available, alcohol-based disposable hand wipes or gel sanitizers may be used. You can find them in most supermarkets and drugstores. If using gel, rub your hands until the gel is dry. The gel doesn't need water to work; the alcohol in it kills the germs on your hands.
What should I do if I get sick?
If you live in areas where people have been identified with new H1N1 flu and become ill with influenza-like symptoms, including fever, body aches, runny or stuffy nose, sore throat, nausea, or vomiting or diarrhea, you should stay home and avoid contact with other people, except to seek medical care.
If you have severe illness or you are at high risk for flu complications, contact your health care provider or seek medical care. Your health care provider will determine whether flu testing or treatment is needed
If you become ill and experience any of the following warning signs, seek emergency medical care.
In children, emergency warning signs that need urgent medical attention include:
• Fast breathing or trouble breathing
• Bluish or gray skin color
• Not drinking enough fluids
• Severe or persistent vomiting
• Not waking up or not interacting
• Being so irritable that the child does not want to be held
• Flu-like symptoms improve but then return with fever and worse cough
In adults, emergency warning signs that need urgent medical attention include:
• Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
• Pain or pressure in the chest or abdomen
• Sudden dizziness
• Confusion
• Severe or persistent vomiting
• Flu-like symptoms improve but then return with fever and worse cough
Are there medicines to treat infection with this new virus?
Yes. CDC recommends the use of oseltamivir or zanamivir for the treatment and/or prevention of infection with the new H1N1 flu virus. Antiviral drugs are prescription medicines (pills, liquid or an inhaler) that fight against the flu by keeping flu viruses from reproducing in your body. If you get sick, antiviral drugs can make your illness milder and make you feel better faster. They may also prevent serious flu complications. During the current outbreak, the priority use for influenza antiviral drugs during is to treat severe influenza illness.
What is CDC’s recommendation regarding "swine flu parties"?
"Swine flu parties" are gatherings during which people have close contact with a person who has novel H1N1 flu in order to become infected with the virus. The intent of these parties is to become infected with what for many people has been a mild disease, in the hope of having natural immunity to the novel H1N1 flu virus that might circulate later and cause more severe disease.
CDC does not recommend "swine flu parties" as a way to protect against novel H1N1 flu in the future. While the disease seen in the current novel H1N1 flu outbreak has been mild for many people, it has been severe and even fatal for others. There is no way to predict with certainty what the outcome will be for an individual or, equally important, for others to whom the intentionally infected person may spread the virus.
CDC recommends that people with novel H1N1 flu avoid contact with others as much as possible. They should stay home from work or school for 7 days after the onset of illness or until at least 24 hours after symptoms have resolved, whichever is longer.

Contamination & Cleaning

How long can influenza virus remain viable on objects (such as books and doorknobs)?
Studies have shown that influenza virus can survive on environmental surfaces and can infect a person for up to 2-8 hours after being deposited on the surface.
What kills influenza virus?
Influenza virus is destroyed by heat (167-212°F [75-100°C]). In addition, several chemical germicides, including chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, detergents (soap), iodophors (iodine-based antiseptics), and alcohols are effective against human influenza viruses if used in proper concentration for a sufficient length of time. For example, wipes or gels with alcohol in them can be used to clean hands. The gels should be rubbed into hands until they are dry.
What surfaces are most likely to be sources of contamination?
Germs can be spread when a person touches something that is contaminated with germs and then touches his or her eyes, nose, or mouth. Droplets from a cough or sneeze of an infected person move through the air. Germs can be spread when a person touches respiratory droplets from another person on a surface like a desk, for example, and then touches their own eyes, mouth or nose before washing their hands.
How should waste disposal be handled to prevent the spread of influenza virus?
To prevent the spread of influenza virus, it is recommended that tissues and other disposable items used by an infected person be thrown in the trash. Additionally, persons should wash their hands with soap and water after touching used tissues and similar waste.
What household cleaning should be done to prevent the spread of influenza virus?
To prevent the spread of influenza virus it is important to keep surfaces (especially bedside tables, surfaces in the bathroom, kitchen counters and toys for children) clean by wiping them down with a household disinfectant according to directions on the product label.
How should linens, eating utensils and dishes of persons infected with influenza virus be handled?
Linens, eating utensils, and dishes belonging to those who are sick do not need to be cleaned separately, but importantly these items should not be shared without washing thoroughly first.
Linens (such as bed sheets and towels) should be washed by using household laundry soap and tumbled dry on a hot setting. Individuals should avoid “hugging” laundry prior to washing it to prevent contaminating themselves. Individuals should wash their hands with soap and water or alcohol-based hand rub immediately after handling dirty laundry.
Eating utensils should be washed either in a dishwasher or by hand with water and soap.

Response & Investigation

What is CDC doing in response to the outbreak?
CDC has implemented its emergency response. The agency’s goals are to reduce transmission and illness severity, and provide information to help health care providers, public health officials and the public address the challenges posed by the new virus. CDC continues to issue new interim guidance for clinicians and public health professionals. In addition, CDC’s Division of the Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) continues to send antiviral drugs, personal protective equipment, and respiratory protection devices to all 50 states and U.S. territories to help them respond to the outbreak.
What epidemiological investigations are taking place in response to the recent outbreak?
CDC works very closely with state and local officials in areas where human cases of new H1N1 flu infections have been identified. In California and Texas, where EpiAid teams have been deployed, many epidemiological activities are taking place or planned including:
• Active surveillance in the counties where infections in humans have been identified;
• Studies of health care workers who were exposed to patients infected with the virus to see if they became infected;
• Studies of households and other contacts of people who were confirmed to have been infected to see if they became infected;
• Study of a public high school where three confirmed human cases of H1N1 flu occurred to see if anyone became infected and how much contact they had with a confirmed case; and
• Study to see how long a person with the virus infection sheds the virus.
Who is in charge of medicine in the Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) once it is deployed?
Local health officials have full control of SNS medicine once supplies are deployed to a city, state, or territory. Federal, state, and local community planners are working together to ensure that SNS medicines will be delivered to the affected area as soon as possible. Many cities, states, and territories have already received SNS supplies. After CDC sends medicine to a state or city, control and distribution of the supply is at the discretion of that state or local health department. Most states and cities also have their own medicines that they can access to treat infected persons.

IJM

Corporate Objectives
To achieve leadership in any industry takes more than just making use of a corporation's vast financial resources and size. It also takes vision, daring and a strong sense of purpose. And these are the hallmarks of IJM Corporation - one of the largest building and construction firms in Malaysia.

Building for the future, IJM aims to continue breaking new grounds for progress. This would include its thrust into the international arena to be a major force in building and construction, and further diversification into related industries that will provide all-round support for the Group's core business.

Continual development of teamwork among staff and associates, too, will be pursued with new vitality.

These aspirations will be founded on 3 well entrenched objectives envisioned by the founders:

PROFITABILITY

The cyclical nature of the Group's core business requires that constant attention be given to the inherent peaks and troughs in the business cycle. Sustained long term profitability, therefore, is the essence of continued corporate existence for IJM. It is a factor that must be considered in the planning of all corporate strategies.

PERFORMANCE

Apart from price, a client's main criteria in awarding contracts to the Group would be its reputation for performance. Performance includes, among others, the ability to complete jobs on schedule and within budgeted costs, with no compromise on high quality of workmanship.

PEOPLE
People make the Organization. A dynamic and professional workforce is the personification of a dynamic corporate entity. In return, the workforce looks for a caring and innovative organization to cater to their individual aspirations. IJM must provide a conducive environment in order for such professionalism and dynamism to thrive.









Vision, Mission & Culture Statements
Vision

To be an internationally competitive Malaysian builder of world class infrastructure and buildings.

Mission
To deliver the highest standards of performance in all our ventures with the IJM Mark of Excellence

Culture Statement
We strive to:
• uphold the highest standards of professionalism and exemplary corporate governance to maximise the benefits for all stakeholders;
• respect the different cultures, gender, religion, human rights and dignity of our stakeholders;
• ensure the quality of our products and services exceeds our customers’ expectations;
• create a conducive environment for team spirit among our employees to work towards a unified workforce; and
• be a responsible and respected corporate citizen with concerns for social, safety, health and environmental issues.


The Mark Of Excellence
Success stories are about people. And it is the employees of IJM who have demonstrated that "Excellence Through Quality" is more than just a motto, it is the Group's philosophy.
This philosophy reaffirms IJM's commitment to quality products and services. At IJM it is the employees, as much as the products they create and sell, that make the difference. They provide the ultimate long-term competitive advantage, as IJM considers all its employees as key people. An innovative, enlightened management style, together with a pro-active, hands-on management approach at all levels, allows the Group to continually maintain and enhance high standards in work performance. More important, IJM people strongly believe in the shared destiny of the company and its employees.
Constant training, workshops and seminars keep this standard of excellence sharpened and honed.
In 1996, IJM was awarded the internationally recognised ISO Quality Management Systems certification standard "for Provision of Construction Services in Building and Civil Engineering Works", testimony of living up to its motto "Excellence Through Quality". Since then, many of IJM's subsidiaries have been similarly certified.
With the emphasis on safety in the construction sector, both locally and internationally, IJM enrolled in the OHSAS 18001 (Occupational Health and Safety Management System) Pilot Program conducted by SIRIM QAS Sdn Bhd in 1999. Through the commitment and untiring efforts of the management and staff, IJM became the first construction company in Malaysia to be awarded the OHSAS 18001 certification in 2000, true to its Safety Motto of "Health, Safety and Environment Is Everyone's Responsibility".
Besides achieving the OHSAS 18001 Certification, IJM has gone a step further by developing the IJM Quality and Safety Assessment System or IQSAS. IQSAS is self-regulatory and ensures that higher standards of quality and safety are achieved through a culture of entrenched discipline in routine work methods and processes in all IJM's construction projects.
With steadfast commitment in the implementation of international quality and safety standards, IJM has taken a step forward in stamping the "Mark of Excellence" on all its products and services.

Corporate Profile
“... Steady growth, uninterrupted profitability and a very international business defines IJM today ...”
n 1984, three enterprising local construction companies – IGB Construction Sdn Bhd, Jurutama Sdn Bhd and Mudajaya Sdn Bhd – merged in a bid to compete more effectively against bigger foreign rivals.The result was IJM – a professionally managed construction group that gained immediate market acceptance, and had the financial capacity to compete effectively against established foreign players.

Since then, IJM has grown in reputation and renown internationally. Its excellent track record is accredited with numerous awards. Recent ones include the Malaysian International Contractor of the Year Award (2000), the Malaysian Builder of the Year Award (2001), the Project Award 2003 (Major Building Category) and the Excellence Award for Export of Services (2003) by the Malaysian International Trade and Industry Ministry. The Company’s excellent reputation for professionalism, performance and good governance also saw it being conferred the inaugural Malaysian Business Corporate Governance Award in 2002, and the KLSE Corporate Merit Award (Construction Sector) in 2002 and 2003.

IJM’s exponential growth over the past two decades is the result of its focus on core competencies, diversifying into related businesses and expanding into new markets. Leveraging on its intrinsic construction expertise, IJM soon ventured into property development and successfully merged its resources to offer quality delivery at great value to the Malaysian market. Today, Property Development is a major part of the Group’s activities.

The demand for building materials fueled further growth. IJM forged another stronghold by creating its Industries Division; expanding internal operations such as manufacturing of concrete products and quarrying into core activities focused on demand outside the Group. It continues to expand its operations in this sector with strategic acquisitions such as the recent takeover of Industrial Concrete Products Berhad.

The Group showed great foresight by venturing into plantations in 1985 as a source of steady income to cushion the cyclical nature of construction business. This investment has since paid off handsomely. Now listed on the Main Board of Bursa Malaysia Securities Berhad (Bursa Malaysia), IJM Plantations Berhad has contributed significantly to the Group’s earnings over the years and also helped cushion the Group’s earnings during difficult times such as the 1997/98 Asian financial crisis.

Leveraging again on its construction expertise, the Group targeted infrastructure investments to build long-term recurrent income streams. Initial attempts for breakthrough in Malaysia proved difficult and, thus, an overseas focus was then chosen.

It’s involvement in overseas infrastructure privatisation (Build-Operate-Transfer) schemes proved tremendously successful. These include investments in major infrastructure projects such as Guangdong Provincial Expressway in China, Western Access Tollway in Argentina, Swarna and Rewa tolled highway in India, and Binh An Water water treatment concession in Vietnam.

With several concessions under construction in India and, for the first time, an opportunity to participate in Malaysian toll roads, the infrastructure concession business is set to become a major part of the Group’s future operations.

IJM went public in 1986 with a market capitalisation of RM66 million and total assets of RM172 million. As at 31 March 2006, the Group’s market capitalisation and total assets stood at RM2.45 billion and RM4.12billion respectively.
Steady growth, uninterrupted profitability and a very international business defines IJM today. More importantly, an excellent reputation for professionalism, performance and good governance is the trademark of the Group.
5 fields
• construction
• plantation
• industry
• property
• infrastructure

Corporate Philosophy
IJM Group diligently … Excels Through Quality
JM's philosophy of "Excellence Through Quality" is the driving force behind the Group's continuing success. Its resounding affirmation on its commitment to produce quality products and services has left an excellent track record through the various recognizable landmark projects and awards conferred on the Group.
In 1996, IJM was accorded the internationally recognized ISO 9002 standard for "Provision of Construction Services in Building and Civil Engineering Works". Since then, many of IJM's subsidiaries have been similarly certified.
In 2002, IJM was accorded the ISO 9001:2000, an upgrade certificate by SIRIM QAS.
The Construction Industry Development Board has conferred the following awards on the Company:-

• in 2000, the Malaysian International Contractor of the Year Award,
• in 2001, the Malaysian Builder of the Year Award, and
• in 2003, the Malaysian Construction Industry Excellence Awards for Major Projects.

teadfast in its commitment to implement quality and safety standards, IJM has taken a step forward in stamping the "Mark of Excellence" on all its products and services.

Cares for Its Employees
IJM recognizes that its employees are its most important asset as they provide the ultimate long-term competitive advantage that will lead IJM as a strong contender in the global construction arena. Recognizing this, structured training, workshops and seminars are conducted for its employees to sharpen and hone their competencies and capabilities.
Together with an innovative, enlightened management style that has a pro-active hands-on approach at all levels, the Group is able to maintain and enhance high standards in its work performance. Most importantly, IJM strongly believes in the shared destiny of the company and its employees.
Takes Responsibility for Health, Safety and Environment
IJM together with all its employees firmly believes that everyone is responsible for the health, safety and the quality of the environment. In unison with this belief, a safety motto was drawn up, "Health, Safety and Environment Is Everyone's Responsibility"
Statement on Health and Safety
In its commitment to contribute to the health and safety provisions in the construction sector, both locally and internationally, IJM had enrolled for the Occupational Health and Safety Management System (OHSAS) 18001 Pilot Program conducted by SIRIM QAS Sdn. Bhd. in 1999. Through the commitment and untiring efforts of its management and staff and true to its Safety Motto, IJM became the first construction company in Malaysia to be awarded the OHSAS 18001 certification in 2000.
Besides achieving the OHSAS 18001 Certification, IJM has surged ahead by developing and implementing the IJM Quality and Safety Assessment System (IQSAS) in all its construction projects. IQSAS is self-regulatory and ensures that higher standards of quality and safety are achieved through a culture of entrenched discipline in routine work methods and processes.
Statement on Environment
IJM recognizes that there are environmental issues in many of its operations which are both long-term and complex. In its responsibility to care and enhance the environment, IJM group has taken on the social responsibility of adopting and implementing common principles and best practices in environment management.

Environmental Management in the Construction Division
Environmental management of the Group's construction operations follows strictly the outline of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP). In the plan, environmental issues are addressed at the engineering design stage. Environmental protection procedures and mitigating measures are implemented at the construction and the operational phases.
Environmental monitoring is continuously being carried out at all project levels, often with the help of external consultants. The purpose of monitoring is to evaluate the effectiveness of mitigating measures taken to ensure that any impact on the environment is kept to the minimum.
With the implementation of the EMP, feedback on compliance and progress are provided to contractors and the relevant authorities to ensure that immediate necessary action is taken when non-compliance report has been filed.
Environmental Management in the Plantations Division
Environmental management in IJM's oil palm plantations follows the best practices outlined in the Division's planting manual.
The main focus of its environment management is to introduce the best agro-management practices to protect the environment and to implement processes for total compliance with relevant laws, regulations and standards on environment.
The various practices undertaken to protect the environment include:
• soil, water, nutrient and carbon conservation,
• mill waste management,
• integrated pest management,
• soil conditioning and enrichment, and
• the zero-burning approach.
The Quality, Training and Research Centre of IJM's Plantations Division constantly monitors the effectiveness of implementation, compliance and the development of new practices to enhance the environment management practices in all its oil palm plantations.

Core business
1. IJM (INDIA) INFRASTRUCTURE LIMITED
2. Hexacon Construction private limited
3. IJM land berhad
4. IJM Australia Pty Ltd
5. Bukit Bendera Resort Sdn Bhd
6. Industrial Concrete Products Berhad
7. Industrial Concrete Products Berhad
8. Toll - Besraya (M) Sdn Bhd
9. Toll - New Pantai Expressway Sdn Bhd
10. Toll - Lebuhraya Kajang Seremban Sdn Bhd
11. Port - Kuantan Port Consortium Sdn Bhd

Business Policy & Commitments
Our business conduct is guided by a strong commitment towards product quality; safety, health and environment; ethical conduct; employees’ welfare; social responsibility; good corporate governance; and maximising returns to all stakeholders.

We are committed to:-
• the quality of our products and services and the value they provide to our clients;
• creating mutually beneficial relationships with all our clients so that trust and respect will carry our relationships even further;
• achieving our goals of accident-free operations, elimination of occupational health hazards and ensuring no permanent damage to the environment;
• being a good corporate citizen by respecting the rule of law in whatever business and in whichever country we operate;
• creating a work environment of mutual trust and respect, in which diversity and inclusion are valued and contributions are recognised and competitively rewarded;
• ensuring that our employees’ welfare is considered at all times as we pursue our business objectives;
• managing our financial performance to maximise the long-term returns to our stakeholders – investors, employees, clients, creditors and the government; and
• be at the forefront in the pursuit of good corporate governance.

After the 2 weeks holidays...

After the hols, don feel like studying...
Haha, this is normal for every1...( in my opinion la )
On Monday itself, i get to know my UPS results...
Yes!!! I got 5 A's which includes..
Accounts, Eco, Business, Maths and English...
Some get 4 flat but cant get an A for their English..
I still need to work hard 4 my English..
MUET is approaching.. Less than 2 months time..
But since i enter matriks we'd onli written 2 essays (+UPS's)
Hw la, i'm really not good at writing factual essays...
Furthermore, i don really like to read the newspapers..
DIe x10000000....
Need to face all subjects' quizzes after this...
Stress all over again...
Jia You SU-Hwa ssi...:)

Stress, stress and more stress...

Don think that i only face pressure during exam period...
After UPS there r loads of homework n assignment waiting for me to be completed...
And usually it'll be group work...
I'm really tired of presenting...
Every week i get at least 1 chance to present...
Muak alrdy..
Last nite Chun Kai complained to me that he's going crazy..
Mainly bcos of the account chapter 5..
Not that the chapter is very hard n the lecture din teach well,
it's jz that the questions in our tutorial bk is really
really really really really weird...
Cant really understand the question..
N then we need to work on the business kajian kes...
5 chapters to be submitted bu the end of next week..
Haiz... Chun kai also said that his group members(our class) dont really concern bout the projects, his the onli one worrying...
Haha, i told him that his not the only one, me tooo..
Cos if i din start asking which quest to present..
i think the next day when teachers ask us, then every1 wil be like so blur...
They will rmbr, maybe one nite before that particular presentation..
So that'll be last minute preparation, which i don like...

Jz now my lecturer told me that i got an A for my maths...
I'm relieved n happy,
but at the same time i'm aware that if i don work hard after this,
my results will definitely drop...
N i donot want that to happen...
Hope i can catch up with everything in future..
You can do it man, Sook Hwa!!
Haha, encouraging urself again..
K, k, bye....:)

Great surprises and unexpected events in my life...

Last saturday one of my ex-classmate won the ASTRO talent quest singing comp,
no other ppl, only GAN WAN CHEAN!!!
My god, she's now so famous in Malaysia...
In future, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and god knows other places, esp in Asia...
Now she has the chance to meet her idols n maybe can sing with them...
I really envy her man.... Such a great n lucky girl...
Everyone who knows her is so proud of her achievement at this age..
18 years old le, and she's the 1st girl to be the champion of this comp...
Wauu.... Dunno wat to say... just to geng....
Hope in future she wont forgot us(i mean her frens)...
Just hope that she'll cont to work hard in order to be famous in whole Asia...
Maybe can work with TVXQ le...:)

Haha, now bout my story....
After UPS it seems that i became lazier n lazier,
Likes to sleep n sleep..
I took a 2 hour nap on last sat n sun...
Cant believe it...
Feel like a pig, so unproductive..
(i din refer to the pig's ablility to reproduce "effectively")
Then, i realize that my brain memory is getting very limited...
Dunno y i cant rmbr wat i hav studied a week ago..
The syllabus r getting harder n i need to put on more effort...
Makes my mind very tired... Body very exhausted...
Luckily i still hv a group of frens to chat with,
a group of friendly n helpful classmates...
N a Chun Kai to ask....Hehe.. He's like my 2nd lecturer...

Last Sunday i went to Ipoh Parade..
This is my 2nd time...
they hv a Thai fair there, selling food n clothes...
I tried the mango rice, delicious n unforgettable taste...
Very satisfied, makes my utility decrease till nearly 0...
I bought a TVXQ CD+DVD at RM32.80, i think it's imported from China...
Cant wait to watch... Need to be patient...
Chun Kai went to jj..
1 thing funny is that he said goodbye to the matriks bus
n they had to wait for nearly an hour for the next bus to arrive..
of course i can understand that feeling...
Cos i experienced before when i went outing for the 1st time...
So tired n sleepy, then u still need to wait for the bus when the weather outside is damn hot... Haiz... Dunno hw to describe further...

K la, need to study for 2moro's acc quiz..
I really enjoy studying account...
Although sometimes i'll face some tough problems...
It's ok la...
bye for now...

UPS 08/09.... Wat a test for me after half a yr rusting...

Finally.. and finally i got the chance to write sth up here..
Before this the library is not opened,
which cos many incoveniences to all warga kmpk..
tat means i have not been to the library since last friday..Sigh..
Mentioning bout my UPS(Ujian Pertengahan Semester),
I dunno wat to say la..
It's actually quite easy, not like wat i had expected...
Therefore, many "important points" tat i had spent a lot time studying din put into full use..
Not to say it wasted my effort,
just feel like not worth it..
I'm sure my math wont score A this time, which will make a new history in my life..
I'm really down for a few hours, stil quite sad at this moment..
but i cant do anything to change wat i had did..
Many silly mistakes.. I really cant believe it..
Before this i worked quite hard to make sure i know how to tackle all types of questions..
And i had asked and "disturbed" Chun Kai so many times with all kinds of problems..
Wat a shame to myself...
I really understand wat he taught, not tat i dunno..
Jz that i dunn y i'll make so many mistakes this time (when the marks r so "EX")
How la, unless miracles happen, or else the most i can get is A- for my math..
Hope tat the other subjects wont give me any more "surprises"..
Really worried la, tat's y i alrdy started to cont studying constantly every nite n try to finish all my homework n projects whenever i can..
I really really work hard to achieve wat i wan..
Maybe actually i dint put 100% effort for this UPS, tat's y sth like tat happen...
Haizzzzz... I'll work harder in future..
Peperiksaan Semester Akhir Tahun is muuuuchhhh more worst than this n it takes up 80%!!!
My god, i think i'll have high blood pressure if i cant manage my emotions well...

Okay, change to another topic..
Those residents in P3 r allowed to move back to their respective rooms from 2moro onwards...
About 10 days ago, they r asked to move out due to a landslide behind their blok..
Pity them for carrying so many things to diff places...
Some need to climb the stairs le...
Now everything is fine again, JKR alrdy confirmed that the building is safe to stay again... Thank god...

Now.. i'm quite happy le..
Cos i'm going back on the 8th of August n wil be back on 24th of August..
QUite long holiday le...
Maybe i'll jz spend my time watching olympics..
Loitering in JUSCO with my long-time-no-c frens..
wah, really miss them le..
I think at the same time i'll miss kmpk too,
cos stayed here for bout 2 months alrdy...
sure have some feelings n habits...
Good thing is i no need to wash my clothes anymore...

K la, bye for now... Maybe wil continue writing next week.. Now very late ad.... annyong... Chal kayo...

Continue with my KMPk stories... Cant wait..

Haha, i think i'm too free to type all my stories...
Just wanna add another few more things..
This morning aft i finish posting, i found out that chun kai also posted a new article on his blog...
He mentioned bout me... unbelievable..
he said i may be leaving, back to the ns matriks..
But when i said i wont, he was DAMN GLAD!!!
U can c for urself in his blog, i added a link down my page..
He also said he jus don wan me to leave, but dunno y..
but to me that's enough
at least i wont regret staying here,
being far apart from my family
and everything i actually had..
Oh my god, i just hope that my feelings wont affect my studies
Sook Hwa, u r now 18 yrs old
u r independent enough to manage yourself n think rationally
I don think ur EQ is that low...
Work hard n u'll get the fruit n succeed in future...
K, next week is my Ujian Pertengahan Semester (UPS)
it takes up 10%of the CGPA..
Still it's important..
Chun Kai is sitting behind me..
Good Luck for u, i'll be back next wed... bye 4 now..